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Last Swan and Master Raven

The warning was more "if the weapon is not already 50%/60%, check what attribute the weapons being used are before using the change" because of the rules of attribute raising.

For example, you...

They have most likely expired. You have to accept the item within a certain amount of time.

I'll try answering what I can:
Here's the English wiki; it is mostly always up-to-date.
I believe only the weekend EQs tend to have their time announced in advance, but when they do announce an EQ...

You'll want to grind chips that are identical (both star rarity and type) to be able to increase their abilities; for active chips it not only increases the strength of the ability, but it also...

The bumped PSUBlog has a list of at least the basic effects of chips, with the exception of secret chips, in the "The Chip System" part of its PSO2es guide.